简介：

炼油是将原油或其他油脂进行蒸馏不改变分子结构的一种工艺，由于在石油炼制过程中，原油必须经过一系列工艺加工过程，才能得到有用的各种石油产品。一般是指石油炼制，也就是把原油等裂解为符合内燃机使用的煤油、汽油、柴油、重油等燃料，并生产化工原料，如烯烃、芳烃等，现在的炼油厂一般为油化结合型炼厂。

炼油一般是指石油炼制，是将石油通过蒸馏的方法分离生产符合内燃机使用的煤油、汽油、 柴油等燃料油，副产物为石油气和渣油，比燃料油重的组份，又通过热裂化、催化裂化等工艺化学转化为燃料油，这些燃料油有的要采用加氢等工艺进行精制。

重的减压渣油则经溶剂脱沥青过程生产出脱沥青油和石油沥青，或经过延迟焦化工艺使重油裂化为燃料油组份，并副产石油焦。润滑油型炼油厂经溶剂精制、溶剂脱蜡和补充加氢等工艺，生产出各种发动机润滑油、机械油、变压器油、液压油等各种特殊工业用油。如今加氢工艺更多地用于燃料油和润滑油的生产中。此外，为石油化工生产原料的炼油厂还采用加氢裂解工艺。

炼油的生产工艺有很多种，主要有以下几类

常压蒸馏
利用加热炉，分馏塔等设备将原油气化，烃（碳氢化合物的总称）类化合物在不同的温度下蒸发，然后将这些物质冷却为液体，生产出一系列的石油制品。其工艺流程为：原油换热→初馏→常压蒸馏。

减压蒸馏
利用降低压力从而降低沸点的原理，将常压重油在减压塔内分馏，从重油中分出柴油、润滑油、石蜡、沥青等产品。

催化裂化
催化裂化是在热裂化工艺上发展起来的，是提高原油加工深度，生产优质汽油、柴油重要的工艺操作。原料主要是原油蒸馏或其他炼油装置的350~540℃馏分的重质油。
催化裂化工艺由三部分组成：原料油催化裂化、催化剂再生、产物分离。
催化裂化所得的产物经分馏后可得到气体、汽油、柴油和重质馏分油。部分重质油返回反应器继续加工称为回炼油。催化裂化操作条件的改变或原料波动，可使产品组成出现变化。

催化重整
催化重整（简称重整）是在催化剂和氢气存在下，将常压蒸馏所得的轻汽油转化成含芳烃较高的重整汽油的过程。如果以80~180℃馏分为原料，产品为高辛烷值汽油；如果以60~165℃馏分为原料油，产品主要是苯、甲苯、二甲苯等芳烃， 重整过程副产氢气，可作为炼油厂加氢操作的氢源。重整的反应条件是：反应温度为490~525℃，反应压力为1~2兆帕。重整的工艺过程可分为原料预处理和重整两部分。

加氢裂化
加氢裂化过程是在高压、氢气存在下进行，需要催化剂，把重质原料转化成汽油、煤油、柴油和润滑油。加氢裂化由于有氢存在，原料转化的焦炭少，可除去有害的含硫、氮、氧的化合物，操作灵活，可按产品需求调整。产品收率较高，而且质量好。

延迟焦化
它是在较长反应时间下，使原料深度裂化，以生产固体石油焦炭为主要目的，同时获得气体和液体产物。延迟焦化用的原料主要是高沸点的渣油。延迟焦化的主要操作条件是：原料加热后温度约500℃， 焦炭塔在稍许正压下操作。改变原料和操作条件可以调整汽油、柴油、裂化原料油、焦炭的比例。

炼厂气加工
原油一次加工和二次加工的各生产装置都有气体产出，总称为炼厂气，就组成而言，主要有氢、甲烷、由2个碳原子组成的乙烷和乙烯、由3个碳原子组成的丙烷和丙烯、由4个碳原子组成的丁烷和丁烯等。它们的主要用途是作为生产汽油的原料和石油化工原料以及生产氢气和氨。发展炼油厂气加工的前提是要对炼厂气先分离后利用。炼厂气经分离作化工原料的比重增加，如分出较纯的乙烯可作乙苯； 分出较纯的丙烯可作聚丙烯等。

烷基化
烷基化过程的目的是由炼油气生产工业异辛烷，作为车用汽油（或航空汽油）的高辛烷值组成，以满足优质、无铅汽油的需要。

Refining is a process in which crude oil or other oils are distilled without changing the molecular structure. Because in the petroleum refining process, crude oil must undergo a series of processes to obtain useful petroleum products. Generally speaking, it refers to petroleum refining, that is, cracking crude oil into fuels such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel, heavy oil used in internal combustion engines, and producing chemical raw materials such as olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons. The current refineries are generally oil-based combined refining plant.

Refining generally refers to petroleum refining, which separates and produces fuel oil such as kerosene, gasoline, and diesel oil used in internal combustion engines by means of distillation. The by-products are petroleum gas and residual oil, which are heavier than fuel oil. It is also chemically converted into fuel oil by processes such as thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. Some of these fuel oils are refined by a hydrogenation process.

The heaviest vacuum residue is produced by solvent deasphalting to produce deasphalted oil and petroleum asphalt, or delayed coking process to crack heavy oil into fuel oil component and by-product petroleum coke. Lubricating oil refineries produce various kinds of special industrial oils such as engine lubricating oil, mechanical oil, transformer oil and hydraulic oil through solvent refining, solvent dewaxing and supplementary hydrogenation. Hydrogenation processes are now used more in the production of fuel oils and lubricants. In addition, refineries that produce raw materials for petrochemicals also use a hydrocracking process.

There are many production processes for refining, mainly in the following categories

Atmospheric distillation
The crude oil is vaporized by means of a heating furnace, a fractionation tower, and the like, and hydrocarbons (general names of hydrocarbons) are evaporated at different temperatures, and then these materials are cooled to a liquid to produce a series of petroleum products. The process flow is: crude oil heat exchange → initial distillation → atmospheric distillation.

Decompression distillation
By reducing the pressure and lowering the boiling point, the atmospheric heavy oil is fractionated in a vacuum tower, and diesel, lubricating oil, paraffin, asphalt and the like are separated from the heavy oil.

Catalytic cracking
Catalytic cracking is developed in the thermal cracking process. It is the most important process for improving the depth of crude oil processing and producing high-quality gasoline and diesel. The raw materials are mainly heavy oils of 350 to 540 ° C fractions of crude oil distillation or other refinery units.
The catalytic cracking process consists of three parts: catalytic cracking of feedstock, catalyst regeneration, and product separation.
The product obtained by catalytic cracking can be fractionated to obtain gas, gasoline, diesel and heavy distillate. Part of the heavy oil returned to the reactor for further processing is called refining. Changes in the operating conditions of the catalytic cracking or fluctuations in the raw materials can cause changes in the composition of the product.

Catalytic reforming
Catalytic reforming (referred to as reforming) is a process of converting light gasoline obtained by atmospheric distillation into reformed gasoline containing higher aromatics in the presence of a catalyst and hydrogen. If the raw material is divided into 80~180 °C, the product is high-octane gasoline; if it is divided into 60-165 °C raw material oil, the products are mainly aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene, and hydrogen is produced as a by-product during the reforming process. Hydrogen source for refinery hydrogenation operations. The reaction conditions for reforming are: the reaction temperature is 490 to 525 ° C, and the reaction pressure is 1 to 2 MPa. The process of reforming can be divided into two parts: raw material pretreatment and reforming.

Hydrogenation
The hydrocracking process is carried out in the presence of high pressure and hydrogen, requiring a catalyst to convert heavy feedstocks into gasoline, kerosene, diesel and lubricating oils. Hydrocracking Due to the presence of hydrogen, the raw material converts less coke, which can remove harmful compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. It is flexible in operation and can be adjusted according to product requirements. The product yield is high and the quality is good.

Deferred coking
It is the main purpose of producing solid petroleum coke with long-term cracking of the raw material under a long reaction time, and at the same time obtaining gas and liquid products. The raw materials for delayed coking are mainly high boiling residue. The main operating conditions for delayed coking are: the temperature of the feedstock after heating is about 500 ° C, and the coke drum is operated at a slight positive pressure. The ratio of gasoline, diesel, cracked feedstock oil and coke can be adjusted by changing the raw materials and operating conditions.

Refinery gas processing
Each production unit of crude oil primary processing and secondary processing has gas output, which is collectively referred to as refinery gas. In terms of composition, there are mainly hydrogen, methane, ethane and ethylene composed of 2 carbon atoms, and 3 carbons. Propane and propylene having an atomic composition, butane and butene composed of 4 carbon atoms. Their main use is as a raw material for the production of gasoline and petrochemical raw materials as well as the production of hydrogen and ammonia. The premise of developing refinery gas processing is to separate and use the refinery gas. The refinery gas is separated into chemical raw materials, and the proportion of chemical raw materials is increased. For example, the purer ethylene can be used as ethylbenzene; the purer propylene can be used as polypropylene.

Alkylation
The purpose of the alkylation process is to produce industrial isooctane from refinery and oil, which is composed of high octane of motor gasoline (or aviation gasoline) to meet the needs of high quality, unleaded gasoline.

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